Standardized Testing: The SAT and the ACT Essay -- Testing, Evaluation

State sanctioned testing has assumed a significant job in the school confirmation choices. The job of affirmation tests is continually changing and advancing with time. The most noticeable tests utilized are the SAT and the ACT. Their motivation is for checking understudy information for situation and conceivable achievement rate. Each test is included various instructive elements to measure information. The SAT and the ACT got from other test structures to become what they are today. Notwithstanding being a placement test, the evaluations acquired from these tests are utilized to figure measurable data. Realizing that these tests are a necessity for school section, one needs to excel on the exam(s). With testing tips and early planning worthy scores can be accomplished. The SAT and ACT are both comprised of more than one segment. The SAT has three areas which are basic perusing, arithmetic and composing. Every one of these areas is separated into increasingly definite segments. The basic perusing some portion of the SAT comprises of cognizance, sentence understanding entries, and basic understanding sections. The math segment on the SAT has inquiries concerning numbers and activities, geometry, insights, likelihood, and information examination. The last area of the SAT is composing. The composing segment is something beyond a composed reaction to an inquiry it comprises of various decision questions, short article, and basic understanding sections. The ACT, similar to the SAT, has segments of information inside each area. The ACT contains marginally unique in relation to those of the SAT. The ACT has four areas: English, math, science and composing. Like the SAT each area has subsections. The English segment of the ACT assesses accentuation, punctua tion, utilization, sentence structure, explanatory sk... ...hools, 17(4), 45-6. Recovered from OmniFile Full Text Mega database Dorans, N. (2010). Deceptions in Unfair Treatment by Santelices and Wilson. Harvard Educational Review, 80(3), 404-12. Recovered from OmniFile Full Text Mega database Forefront. (2011). WGBH Educational Foundation. Recovered May 21, 2011, from PBS: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/cutting edge/appears/sats/where/timeline.html Hua, V. (2010). It's All in the Preparation. T.H.E. Diary, 37(7), 12, 14-15. Recovered from OmniFile Full Text Mega database Open Agenda. (2011). Open Agenda. Recovered May 19, 2011, from Public Agenda Online: http://www.publicagenda.org The College Board. (2011). School Board. Recovered May 19, 2011, from College Board: http://www.collegeboard.org U.S. Branch of Education. Organization of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics. State sanctioned Testing: The SAT and the ACT Essay - Testing, Evaluation State sanctioned testing has assumed a significant job in the school confirmation choices. The job of confirmation tests is continually changing and developing with time. The most unmistakable tests utilized are the SAT and the ACT. Their motivation is for measuring understudy information for situation and conceivable achievement rate. Each test is contained various instructive variables to measure information. The SAT and the ACT got from other test structures to become what they are today. Notwithstanding being a placement test, the evaluations got from these tests are utilized to detail measurable data. Realizing that these tests are a necessity for school passage, one needs to excel on the exam(s). With testing tips and early readiness satisfactory scores can be accomplished. The SAT and ACT are both comprised of more than one area. The SAT has three segments which are basic perusing, science and composing. Every one of these segments is isolated into progressively itemized segments. The basic perusing some portion of the SAT comprises of perception, sentence understanding entries, and basic understanding sections. The math segment on the SAT has inquiries concerning numbers and tasks, geometry, measurements, likelihood, and information investigation. The last segment of the SAT is composing. The composing segment is something beyond a composed reaction to an inquiry it comprises of various decision questions, short exposition, and basic understanding entries. The ACT, similar to the SAT, has segments of information inside each area. The ACT contains somewhat not quite the same as those of the SAT. The ACT has four segments: English, math, science and composing. Like the SAT each segment has subsections. The English bit of the ACT assesses accentuation, p unctuation, utilization, sentence structure, explanatory sk... ...hools, 17(4), 45-6. Recovered from OmniFile Full Text Mega database Dorans, N. (2010). Deceptions in Unfair Treatment by Santelices and Wilson. Harvard Educational Review, 80(3), 404-12. Recovered from OmniFile Full Text Mega database Cutting edge. (2011). WGBH Educational Foundation. Recovered May 21, 2011, from PBS: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/forefront/appears/sats/where/timeline.html Hua, V. (2010). It's All in the Preparation. T.H.E. Diary, 37(7), 12, 14-15. Recovered from OmniFile Full Text Mega database Open Agenda. (2011). Open Agenda. Recovered May 19, 2011, from Public Agenda Online: http://www.publicagenda.org The College Board. (2011). School Board. Recovered May 19, 2011, from College Board: http://www.collegeboard.org U.S. Division of Education. Foundation of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics.

Pericles Funeral Oratory essays

Pericles' Funeral Oratory articles Pericless burial service discourse uncovers a lot of data about the Athens, one of the best Ancient Greek city-states/realm. It reflects upon the qualities, culture and customs that were normal of its social structure as one of the most exceptional networks of its occasions. The discourse addresses a few significant issues and standards overseeing the life of individuals in the antiquated realm, regard and appreciation for precursors, men in broad daylight administration, duties regarding others, steadfastness, uniformity and decency in treating of its residents and neighbors just as position of ladies in the general public. However, a large portion of all, the discourse reflects upon incredible regard, gratefulness and respect with which the entire network apparent the job of men securing the qualities and legacy of their own city, that is Athens. In the earliest reference point of the speech, Pericless discussions about the custom and propriety of such convention in regarding the demonstrations of valiant men who passed on in the fight, shielding their ground against foes. In his eyes and accepts, such a respect is particularly fitting at whatever point men go strikingly into the fight with the thought of threat of losing the most significant thing they have, that is their live; and battle for the purpose sparing themselves as well as for their entire network. At that point he continued regarding the precursors who set the establishments of the extraordinary domain and afterward their dads, who all added to its further development and progression into a better network with deference than its riches just as its social standards, along these lines making it remain over its peers whether in harmony or war; since it isn't just the riches that shows the significance of a network yet similarly the demonstrations and general direct of its residents. Later on, he explains on the fair arrangement of Athens dependent on the standards of equity and only treatment of its residents which simultaneously doesn't neglect to perceive indivi ... <!

Face Book And Study

Face Book And Study Okay, hold up. I have a really good excuse for not blogging in ages. Two excuses, actually. Yes, I took my last final over a week ago, and yes, I only had one, and yes, it was for an intro class since I’m one of those people who does course 6 in no order whatsoever. Taking course 6 in no order whatsoever isnt all fun and games, though I spent the two weeks before finals simultaneously doing 3 final projects. First excuse: I NEED HOUSING. My sworn roommate flew out here last night, and I’ve sent 150+ emails and made 20+ calls related to housing, because I decided not to take company housing for some reason. When I landed last weekend, I booked Sunday solid with the few subletters and landlords who had returned my frantic correspondence, ran all around town visiting them, and ended up with a really awesome prospectthat isn’t sure when we can move in. Where am I, anyways? Second excuse: I started working for Facebook last week! This is marginally more exciting than any outsider might imagine, but in a nerdier way. I walked into a giant warehouse last Monday morning to find rows and rows of laptops accompanied by nametags and setup instructions sitting in front of rows and rows of chairs. We (the interns) were then asked to log into Facebook. Afterward, we spent most of our lunch break doing this: Okay, they didn’t actually pay us to goof around the whole day mostly, we were going through an introduction to the company, its mission, and its policies. Heres my favorite quote from the sexual harassment seminar: “You love your job, you love your work, you love your teambut then you start loving your boss.” After talking about ethics and values and statistics for a while, we got to the part we’d been waiting for: setting up code repositories on our development servers! You know I’d normally illustrate this with a picture of a cluster of alternately gleeful and despairing interns, all wearing taped glasses and argyle sweaters and hunched over computer terminals reconfigured to look like the Matrix. But pictures of interesting things on computer screens make for terrible pictures. I imagine most of my pictures for the rest of the summer will be of people eating or hitting each other with balloon animals or passed out over their laptops on a couch after a hackathon. Again, we dont get paid to do nothing all day. I walked into the bathroom the other day and, to my simultaneous horror and amusement, was greeted with a basket filled to the top with new toothbrushes and travel-sized toothpaste tubes, so I’m pretty sure there will be some long coding nights ahead. For those of you who may have noticed that my pictures have suddenly experienced a drastic drop in quality: Facebook gave me an iPhone, which has a large enough portability advantage over my DSLR that its hard not to use it constantly. Ah, modern technology. EDIT: We found housing!!!!!!!!!11cos(0) In true rfong style, I celebrated by buying a 14oz teapot. Just kidding. In even truer rfong style, I prematurely bought the teapot yesterday.

Student Body At The University Of South Florida - 1327 Words

Audience Analysis As a startup business or company, there are many benefits to research in which can dramatically aid the decision-making process in all aspects. Therefore, to obtain a better understanding, our first step consisted of examining our target market, the student body at the University of South Florida. With our combined efforts, we have conducted the proper research and comprised the following report to explain our findings. Statistics of USF Students According to the 2014-2015 USF System Fact Book, there are 30,324 undergraduate and 9,135 graduate students on the Tampa, FL campus. Within those statistics, the following details consist within the student population: †¢ Male 13,752 (45% ) †¢ Female 16,566 (55%) †¢ Full-time 23,452 (77%) †¢ Part-time 6,872 (23%) With the possibility of a secondary language being involved, included are additional statistics from the USF System Fact Book in regards to the student diversity profile at USF below: †¢ African American 3,325 (12%) †¢ American Indian 65 (0%) †¢ Asian 1,884 (7%) †¢ Hispanic 6,135 (21%) †¢ White 16,008 (55%) †¢ Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 84 (0%) The findings lead us to determine the largest potential audience will be female students attending classes’ full time. Furthermore, we can target the audience in segments based on ethnicity. White students make up the majority; however the large Hispanic presence is something that should be considered in the formulation of the business. Age Age is also aShow MoreRelatedWhite Privilege in My Career Essay975 Words   |  4 Pagesacumen, academic credentials, and interpersonal skills almost exclusively found in people who have succeeded in national universities, large corporate environments, and as officers in the military. Throughout my employment with the firm I never encountered a single employee who had graduated from an undergraduate institute that was not a national or internationally ranked university. This fact in and of itself may not seem biased, but this hiring criteria eliminated all candidates from regional schoolsRead More The Facebook Addiction Essay939 Words   |  4 Pagesnetworks at colleges and universities. Since being founded, in February 2004 at Harvard University, TheFacebook has expanded to many universities across the United States. In November 2004, the numbers of registered users exceeded one million. For example, the University of Florida currently has about half the student body registered, while a university comparable in size, such as the University of South Florida, has registered about a quarter of its student body. The University of Texas at ArlingtonRead MoreFactors Influencing Community Colleges to Offer Baccalaureate Degrees700 Words   |  3 Pagestraining programs (Dougherty Townsend, 2006). Recently, a new function has emerged: the granting of baccalaureate degrees, also known as the community college bachelor’s degree (CCB). This type of degree was established in 2001 by the state of Florida and is continuing to gain popularity throughout North America (Bemmel, Floyd, Bryan, 2008).While there are several critics of the CCB (Eaton, 2005; Levin, 2004; Wattenberger, 2000), most of the literature is supportive of their creation and implementationRead MoreStds : Sexually Transmitted Diseases1579 Words   |  7 Pagestransition of being in high school to becoming a college student. This disease is a big problem when it comes to college because its all about growth, discovering, and exploration, and for this exploration it explores beyond the college walls into the bedrooms. College is known for partying, hookups, and a pleasure lifestyle. Younger people are at a greater risk to get an STD because many students don’t practice safe sex at a regular basis. Many students believe that STDs are visible at the naked of theRead MoreThe Neuman Systems Model And Its Impact On The World Of Healthcare1148 Words   |  5 Pages University of South Carolina Upstate â€Æ' Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss the impact of the Nueman Systems Model on the world of healthcare through the use of research done in two studies by Giggliotti (2007) and Bourdeanu, Dee (2013) and the affect the NSM has had on nursing education as shown by Clark in the Neuman Systems Model Trustee Group records. This paper uses these examples to represent a large body of research and educational programsRead MoreThe Gatorade Company, Inc.1204 Words   |  5 Pagessignature line of sports drinks. Gatorade is currently manufactured by PepsiCo and is distributed in over 80 countries. The beverage was first developed in 1965 by a team of researchers at the University of Florida, to replenish the combination of water, carbohydrates, and electrolytes that the school s student-athletes lost in sweat during rigorous sport activities. Originally produced and marketed by Stokely-Van Camp, the Gatorade brand was purchased by the Quaker Oats Company in 1983, which, inRead MoreMandatory Concealed Weapons On Campus1578 Words   |  7 PagesBecause of the changes of brutal criminal acts on college campus, numerous professional weapon extremist have recommended that both the college student and college instructors ought to be permitted to carry concealed weapons on campus. Those for this may assert that their rights have been damaged on the grounds that numerous school grounds decline to permit weapons of any sort on grounds. It is not the privilege to convey a firearm which is in level headed discussion here, yet rather it is whetherRead MoreElizabeth City State University And Saint Augustine s University1047 Words   |  5 PagesElizabeth City State University and Saint Augustine’s University both have good Sociology Programs. Elizabeth City’s mission is to promote economic, social, and environmental pr ogress for the people of northeastern North Carolina, the state, and the nation. Saint Augustine’s mission is to sustain a learning community in which students can prepare academically, socially and spiritually for leadership in a complex, diverse and rapidly changing world. Elizabeth City State University and Saint Augustine’sRead MoreThe Incredible Work Healthcare Professionals961 Words   |  4 Pagesfacility, but my most vivid experience of this lack of healthcare came when I was the victim of an acid attack and had to wait three days to receive medical attention. Due to this attack, I have third degree burn on approximately ninety percent of my body, and left me blind in one eye. Due to the lack of adequate health care in Bangladesh, two organizations, â€Å"Healing the Children† and â€Å"Naripokkho†, decided to provide me with medical care in the United States. It was there, that I was eventually exposedRead MoreFlorida Vs. North Carolina1980 Word s   |  8 PagesFlorida vs. North Carolina Legislature Comparison Paper I chose these two states to compare because they are the states I have lived in throughout my life and are significant to me. I was born in Wilmington, North Carolina and lived there until I was 10 years old. My step-father received a job offer in Islamorada, Florida and we decided to move. I lived there until I graduated high school, following which I came to Orlando to go to college. Elections are a major aspect of the State Government, with

Legalizing The Same Sex Marriage - 1118 Words

With the development of various fields in society, enormous changes have appeared in modern society. These changes have constantly created a huge variety of social problems and one of the most controversial issues is legalizing the homosexual marriage. The social movement for legalizing the same-sex marriage in U.S. started in the 1970s. People who support homosexual marriage carried on their campaign arguing that banning gay marriage is a ‘discrimination’, which is similar to the prohibition of racial intermarriage that existed in past. Since lots of homosexuals all around the world insist their basic rights of marriage, there are plenty of serious debates going on about their marriage. Denmark was the first country to allow the†¦show more content†¦(Swartz 2015) In addition, most of the Medieval Venetians believed the cause of the black plague was due to homosexuality. As a result, a lot of gays and lesbians were publicly executed. (Kite and Kinsey 2016) Unfortunately, amount of people still think of gay marriage negatively. The opposition to gay marriage becoming legislation in the U.S. has its roots in religion. With majority of Christians in U.S., as they tend to think conservatively, marriage with same-gender partner is a crucial social issue for them. They strongly assert that gay marriage is a big social problem because they believe is marriage has always been a covenant between a man and a woman. In addition, they insist that the ultimate purpose of marriage is procreation which is impossible for gay couples. Gay couples cannot help adopting children and it might weaken the family structure and causes violation of social rules. Besides, it can create a negative psychological influence on children. Their adopted kid would be struggled with confusion of gender identity and played jokes on throughout his or her school years for having gay parents. The opponents focused on the kind of trauma a young child may experience when he o r she finds out what being gay is all about. (Eskridge and Spedale. 2006) But now, people are changing their attitudes on same-sex marriage. According toShow MoreRelatedLegalizing Same-Sex Marriage1119 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Marriage plays a fundamental role in civil society because it is characterized by sexual complementarity, monogamy, exclusive, and permanence† (Anderson). Legalizing same-sex marriage would affect every aspect ethically and morally, resulting in an unacceptable outcome. Therefore same-sex marriage should not be considered respectable and adequate in any lifestyle. Same-sex marriage is the union between partners of the same sex, whether it is a male and a male or a female and another female. TraditionalRead MoreLegalizing Same-Sex Marriages2075 Words   |  8 PagesThe topic of legalizing same sex marriages brings up heated debates on legal, religious, moral, and philosophical grounds. In researching material for this paper this writer could not help but read reports that indicate that the country is fairly well divided on this issue. The debate can go round and around and the answer to the question of legalizing same sex marriages is not as easy as it may seem. There are solid rebuttals to any supposition one makes on the issue, making the debate a lot moreRead MoreLegalizing Same-Sex Marriage Essay1238 Words   |  5 PagesEveryone is aware of marriage. We have heard about it, gone to one, or even been in one. The idea of marriage is something that is bestowed upon us and something that we look forward to ever since we were children, but w hat about those who what to get married to the same sex. How is that possible? As you know, everything changes at some point or another, this includes marriage. That is why same-sex marriage should be legalized. It has come to a point where the idea or a â€Å"normal† marriage has to change inRead MoreThe Issue Of Legalizing Same Sex Marriage1136 Words   |  5 PagesThe world is full of many opinions. Whether you deem someone’s opinion as a good or bad one, it is still their opinion. One major controversy that entraps Americans is the thought of legalizing same-sex marriage. Now although the United States Supreme Court officially legalized same-sex marriage on June 26, 2015, that doesn’t stop anyone from having their own opinion towards the matter. So what makes people have the opinions they do? Many people believe that your environment is what affects yourRead MoreThe Effect of Legalizing Same Sex Marriage2305 Words   |  9 Pagesthe year 2014 the number of homosexuals have only risen in the past few years due to the legalization of same sex marriage throughout some states. Same sex marriage is becoming a well-known controversy in the United States due to complete opposite opinions. Society often examines the changes throughout the years in terms of consequences rather than in benefits. The legalization of same sex marriage is often portrayed as consequential to society however when examined more closely there would be moreRead MoreThe Issue Of Legalizing Same Sex Marriage1347 Words   |  6 PagesIt’s 1916 in Australia. The beckoning shores of Gallipoli await the thousands of soldiers that are yet to die amongst the bloodshed. These same shores, are yet to provide the battle of the century, that will go down in hist ory as â€Å"The Great War.† Meanwhile, Australian’s take to the polls, with the Labour government asking the people whether or not they support the proposal to conscript young Australian men overseas for service. This national debate marked Australia’s first non-binding plebisciteRead MoreEssay about Legalizing Same-Sex Marriage1121 Words   |  5 PagesThe issue of legalizing same-sex marriage is one of great controversy. There are some people who think that gay people have no rights and should never be allowed to marry. Other people believe that gay people are just like anyone else and should enjoy the same rights and privileges as heterosexuals do. People opposing gay marriage argue that a couple of the same sex getting married would redefine the word marriage, the purpose of marrying is to procreate, and they should settle for Civil Unions insteadRead MoreThe Debate On Legalizing Same Sex Marriage1251 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Marriage also known as matrimony is the process in which two people legally or formally recognize the love between a man and woman or in some jurisdictions, two people of the same sex (Physcology Today , 2015 ). Marriage is an important part of our society. The emotional bond between two lovers is the strongest bond and most sacred (Anderson, 2013 ). However there are people who get left out because their partner is not of the same gender as they are. The debate on legalising same sex marriageRead MoreDo Not Stigmatize Same-Sex Marriages as Inferior by Not Legalizing These Unions1222 Words   |  5 Pageshard to define what is known as a â€Å"traditional marriage†. Considering the popularity of marriages that are arranged on the basis of polygamy, communal child rearing, and even the use of mistresses, homosexual marriage should not be considered â€Å"unnatural†. For many people, it is hard to understand how any individual can love someone of their same gender. Nonet heless despite the percentage of the population that is muddled by the act, same sex marriage should be legalized because denying them that rightRead MoreLegalizing Same Sex Marriage Is Not The End Of The Fight For Equal Gay Rights1801 Words   |  8 Pages On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States declared all state-level bans against same-sex marriage unconstitutional, legalizing same-sex marriage all over the nation. While this ruling was a huge victory for the gay rights movement, it was not the end of the fight for equal gay rights. In fact, many gay people are still fighting for adoption rights, job safety, and government protections from abuse and segregation. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to find solutions for a significant

Teen Smoking By Chris Woolston - 950 Words

While the article text written about Teen Smoker. I found that, today, as months turn into days and days into hours, the population of teen smokers dramatically increases. Apparently, there is enough material that helps to expound on this thesis. The author gives sufficient data about how teen smokers are increasing among youths citing ample convincing evidence from prior researches. He also gives the causes of the augmentation of the smoking behavior among teens and effective ways through which the matter could be solved. However, I could have liked categorization of the status of the teen more affected by the smoking habit (students and non-students). This article is Chris Woolston’s work entitled ‘Teen Smoking’. Woolston begins a brief reflection of Bubba Ash, a 15 years smoker who gives a short description of the painful repercussions which he has faced, having smoked for five years, from the time he was only 10. Bubba attributes smoking to his many problems including financial and health related problems. He was a good runner but today, smoking has killed his stamina. Apart from financial drains, Woolston cites other problems related to smoking as lung cancer, heart diseases, emphysema, complications with pregnancy and many other problems. Surprisingly, smoking habits amongst teens are on the rise. Woolston reports that 22% of high school student population in America is made up of regular smokers. A research by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention finds thatShow MoreRelatedTeenage Pregnancy Research Paper1865 Words   |  8 PagesPaper-Rough Draft Adolescent Pregnancy, also known as Teenage Pregnancy, is the period where teenage girls are at a stage where their mind is a bit undeveloped and carry around a fetus in their uterus. Did you know that the U.S. has the highest teen pregnancy rate in the industrialized world? It’s strictly because when you’re in your teenage years, it’s the time to have fun, you’re worry-free, and your living life to the fullest. However, several teenagers that are sexually active don’t comprehendRead MoreCan a Lack of Physical Education Classes in High Schools Become a Future Threat to the U.S Life Expectancy?1607 Words   |  7 PagesRecently in the state that started physical faced major budget cuts. â€Å"Art would be cut. Music too. Counselors. Physical education. Books. Summer school.† (Tucker) The city of San Francisco faced intense budget cuts, choosing cut programs essential for a teens devolvement. Physical education should be just as important because it nurtures the brain of a student, just as a math problem. Physical education should not be a privilege yet a essential part of a school. McKenzie Page 5 Schools should provide

Beowulf the hero Essay Example For Students

Beowulf the hero Essay The Anglo-Saxon Hero as defined by the Battles of BeowulfWithin the tale of Beowulf four character traits can be found which define the Anglo Saxon Hero.The first is loyalty, as demonstrated by the relationship between Lord and thane. According to page 23 of the Beowulf introduction, a relationship based less on subordination of one mans will to another than on mutual trust and respect. The second and third characteristics are strength and courage. The importance of these specific traits to the Anglo-Saxon people is clearly presented during the reciting of Sigemunds tale within Heorot. As the song states, He was adventurer most famous, far and wide through the nations, for deed of courage he had prospered from that before, the protector of warriors after the war-making of Heremod had come to an end, his strength and his courage (38). The final piece which comprises the Anglo-Saxon hero is the notion of fame. The only after life a warrior could ever aspire to have was immortality thro ugh fame. One again this is explained by the introduction to the story, Beowulfs chief reward is pagan immortality the memory in the minds of later generations of a heros heroic actions (24-25). By understanding what defines a hero it is a simple matter to comprehend why Beowulf is considered by some to be the greatest of all. He posses unfaltering loyalty to his king and allies, and save for his final battle his thanes show the same devotion to him. His strength is unparalleled, as he is able to defeat each of his opponents and perform feats of unmatched endurance. Beowulfs courage, though motivated primarily by his own notion of fate, is, none the less, unwavering. And as a hero he achieved his desire for immortality through the poem itself. Each of the four heroic traits can be identified within the three battles in which Beowulf participates: His battle with Grendel, his undersea struggle with the Grendels Mother, and his final fight with the dragon. Before going off to do battle with Grendel, Beowulf gives a speech that may appear conceited to the modern reader, but is in actuality a simple device used to insure his immortality through fame. Beowulf states, I claim myself no poorer in war strength, war works, than Grendel claims himself. Therefor I will not put him to sleep with a sword and then may wise God, Holy Lord, assign glory on whichever hand seems good to him (35-36). Now whether he wins or looses the fight Beowulf will always be remembered as the courageous warrior who battled the beast without the aid of a weapon. This passage also shows Beowulfs unconquerable courage. It is important to note, however, that this courage does not come from A strong mind, but rather from an unquestioning belief in fate, which in turn, is completely at Gods command. His courage, therefor, comes entirely from his belief that he has done good in the eyes of the lord.Armed only with his strong belief in the goodness of the Lord Beowulf attacks the evil Grendel (enemy of god according to page 37) and displays his awesome strength. When Beowulf first grasps the arm of his opponent he is described as he who of men was strongest of might in the days of his life (37). He then proceeds to rip Grendels arm from his body while more than enough of Beowulfs earls drew swords, old heirlooms, wished to protect the life of their dear lord, famous prince however they might (37) (a perfect example of the importance of loyalty in the lord-thane relationship). In his second battle Beowulf again epitomizes the Anglo-Saxon hero by again exhibiting the aforementioned traits. After Grendels Mother swarms the castle in retribution for the murder of her son (choosing to wage war instead of accepting wergild) Beowulf is determined to do away with the descendent of Cain. He was resolute, not slow of courage, mindful of fame (47). He is exceptionally strong since, in order to reach the dwelling of Grendels mother, he must swim for almost a day to reach the bottom of a lake. This is of course no great ordeal for a man who can swim

Joy Luck Club Essays - Chinatown, San Francisco, Literature

Joy Luck Club In the novel, The Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan, it tells of four Chinese women drawn together in San Francisco to play mah jong, and tell stories of the past. These four women and their families all lived in Chinatown and belong to the First Chinese Baptist Church. They were not necessarily religious, but found they could improve their home China. This is how the woo's, the Hsu's, the Jong's and the St Clair's met in 1949. The first member of the Joy Luck Club to die was Suyuan Woo. Her daughter, Jing-mei June Woo, is asked to sit in and take her mother's place at playing mah jong. Memories of the past are shared by the three women left, An-mei Hsu, Lindo Jong and Ying-ying St Clair. June Woo learns of the real secret her mother carried to her grave from her mother's friends. The twin baby girls, her half sisters, Suyuan pushed in a Wheelbarrow as she escaped from the Japanese. Due to sickness, Suyuan can no longer carry her babies, and is forced to leave them on the side of the road. She lives her whole life not knowing if they are alive or dead. In the book, the Woo's left for America to build a better life for themselves. Suyuan Woo wanted to have a daughter like herself, and no one would look down on her. It was important that she speak perfect English and hopefully not share in the same tragedies and sorrows she had known. The movie brought this concept out very vividly. You were able to imagine the time and place and the emotions of the characters. Their anger in the early years, how women and children were treated as possessions. The book spoke of Rose Hsu Jordan, daughter of An-mei Hsu, who had seven brothers and sisters. A very tragic time in her life when her brother Bing drowns at age 1 while she was in charge of watching him. The movie does not touch upon this tragic event and brings out the rich family Rose marries into, and the instant rejection from her boyfriends mother. Rose unhappiness in her marriage with Tod, is similar to the unhappiness her mother had throughout her life. Lindo Jong was a special character in the book , referring to promises she made to her mother as a young girl, and keeping them throughout her life. She was actually abandoned by her family and Lindo was sent to live with her future husband's family. She never complained because she would never dishonor her mother. The movie did an excellent job of showing us the culture during that time in China and how the matchmaker arranged the marriages at an early age. She is a very smart girl and figures out how she could get out of this marriage and still keep her promise to her mother. She puts the blame on the matchmaker and is released from the marriage. When speaking of strong characters in the book, one would have to include Waverl y Jong, daughter of Lindo Jong. She was a bright child who became a famous chess player, which made her mother very proud. The movie brought out her unhappiness in her life and the unhappy relationship with her mother. The two shared similar lives even though they lived in different countries and different times. Ying-ying St Clair, according to the book, was married at an early age and referred to her husband as a bad man. In fact she tried so hard to forget him she forgets his name. She tells of taking her baby before it was born because of the hate she has for her husband. The movie tells the story a little different in reference to her baby. After her husband comes home with his mistress and causes her shame, she drowns her tiny infant while bathing him. A tragic and emotional part in the movie. Lena St Clair, daughter of Lindo St Clair, may not have had such a tragic relationship with her husband as did her mother; but she was unable to find happiness in her marriage. The book and movie were similar in showing us the relationship she had with Harold.

Precursor To vs. Precursor Of

Precursor To vs. Precursor Of Precursor To vs. Precursor Of Precursor To vs. Precursor Of By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, Can you please tell me when to use precursor to and precursor of? Is there a difference between the two? Latin praecursor (â€Å"forerunner, advanced guard†) is from a verb meaning â€Å"to run in front of.† Latin cursor means, â€Å"to run.† The noun precursor entered English about 1500, chiefly in reference to John the Baptist as â€Å"Christ’s precursor.† The sense here is â€Å"a person who heralds the approach of another.† In current usage, precursor is used to refer either to a person regarded as someone’s forerunner, or a thing regarded as the prototype of something else. Here are two examples: Gilbert M. â€Å"Broncho Billy† Anderson is regarded by film historians as the precursor to better-known movie cowboys such as Gene Autry and Roy Rogers. [Dick Tracy’s] wrist radio was the precursor of the cell phone of today. The OED cites â€Å"precursor to† in 1675 and â€Å"precursor of† in 1716. On the Ngram Viewer, â€Å"precursor of† is far more common in printed books until the 1960s, when â€Å"precursor to† begins a marked rise, although it remains below â€Å"precursor of† on the graph. A Google search indicates that â€Å"precursor to† is more common than â€Å"precursor of† on the Web: precursor to (6,330,000 results) precursor of (4,230, 000 results) In my own use, I think I’m more likely to use â€Å"precursor to† when linking people and â€Å"precursor of† in reference to things, but random examples taken from the Web indicate that the phrases are used interchangeably: [The Scarlet Pimpernel] is  seen as a precursor to  the spy fiction and the superhero genres. Only about one in eight people with so-called pre-diabetes, often a precursor to full-blown disease, know they have a problem,   Was Marilyn Monroe a  precursor  of 1960s feminism? Its my belief that  Marilyn Monroe  was a  precursor to  the Womens Movement. Cyclorama paintings served as the  precursor to  movies. Carole Lombard was the  precursor to  all sexy comediennes. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Opening Lines to Inspire the Start of Your StoryPeople versus PersonsI wish I were...

The Political Economy of European Integration Essay

The Political Economy of European Integration - Essay Example To start with, we must define the objective that has spurred the nature of economic integration. The primary objective of having or creating a (regional) economic integration is for the said union to form an agreement among its member countries to reduce and remove tariff and non-tariff trade barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and factors of production (i.e. labor, capital and entrepreneur); and also, to attempt to achieve economic gains from the free flow of trade and investment between its neighboring countries. The EU as an organization is comprised of independent European countries whose sole, main objectives are economic and social progress for the European region and its people. That is why they have long-planned on engineering an economic integration program in an attempt to converge all the European regions in order to meet and implement the objectives of the formed union so as to provide a much better living and working environment for its people - the Europeans (Going for Growth, 2003). Economic integration for Europe has definitely brought convergence to this continental region. Since its foundation, the EU had gone through three legal stages for it to achieve its economic objectives, these stages were: the creation of the customs union, 1958-1985, the single market 1985-1992, and the economic and monetary union 1992-present (Hitiris, 2003). Initially, as a customs union, it removed different barriers in trading between member countries of the EC and adopted a common external trade policy in which individual state governments no longer has to determine or make their own external trade policy anymore. Then the Single European Act or the single market implemented in 1987 allowed factors of production particularly labour, capital, and entrepreneurs to move freely from one member country to another. And after a few years, the EU started to launch its full economic objectives by implementing the economic and monetary union policy to its region; through this, it paved the way to the removal of the remaining obstacle to cross border investments. And also, one of the most highlighted criterions made in this final treaty was granting the citizenship of the union - everyone with a nationality of any member country becomes an automatic citizen of the union, giving its people all the rights to move and reside freely among the union' s member countries. With all of these mentioned and guided by the democratic principles of the union, the EU has definitely succeeded in converging its member countries into becoming a prosperous European economic region of the twenty-first century that is continuously grow year by year in terms of economic figures and admitting more and more European countries into the union; and currently, is even ranking second in the growth of world economies next to the United States and preceding Japan. However, it is also important to take stock of the fact that the success or failure of an economic integration depends primarily on its objectives. Therefore, a previously independent country participating in an economic union - converging its economy to other member countries by sacrificing a part of its national sovereignty can only be justified if the union is able to achieve its

Explain the growth in the concentration of media ownership around the Assignment

Explain the growth in the concentration of media ownership around the world - Assignment Example Founded and headquartered in Australia, the company now boasts of being the number one newspaper publisher in the world, with a cumulative daily readership of 14 million in these three countries alone. Murdoch has a near monopoly in the media space in Australia, owning two-thirds of all newspaper circulation in the country. Across the Tasman Sea, in New Zealand, he owns nearly half. Further, he is the owner of two fifths of the Australian Associated Press. (Knowlton & Parsons, 2005, p. 200) These holdings are notwithstanding his considerable market share in Britain and the United States. These statistics bear testimony to the Murdoch’s media monopoly. Between the lines one can read the dangers posed by monopoly in an industry that is crucial to socio-cultural discourse. One of the negative consequences of media concentration is that it nullifies ethical standards of journalism. News Corp’s official Standards of Business Conduct (SBC) document makes some bold claims. But the company’s actual behaviour is contradictory to these claims. For example, in the area of building trust with business partners and customers, it claims that trust and integrity are of utmost importance. The manner in which the company actually functions makes a mockery of these ethical concerns. There are several instances where News Corp had colluded with political organizations to attain favourable deals. One of the first instances of News Corp’s opportunistic use of political connections came to light in1995. Murdoch struck a book deal with the then House Speaker of the United States Congress Newt Gingrich for a substantial sum of $4.5 million. The ethical problem was obvious in this case. Murdoch, who was even at that time an influential and trans-global media personality, owned a newspaper chain and several television stations. He stood to gain enormously through the relationship with the Speaker. It was only after severe public

Characteristics of problems

Characteristics of problems Characteristics of Problems Determining the type of problem to be solved is particularly difficult. From the scientific point of view it has not been treated sufficiently yet.   It is, nevertheless, of fundamental importance because it covers the whole field of creativity, and the problem solver(s) heuristic behavior is contingent on the type of problem.   What is a problem?   This question was asked and answered by Karl Duncker (1945).   Duncker, who was a Gestalt psychologist, defined a problem in these words: â€Å"A problem arises when a living organism has a goal but does not know how this goal is to be reached.†Ã‚   This definition is, no doubt, very useful, because creativity tasks and activities always strive to address a problem.   Yet, Dunckers definition and formulation poses these caveats:   It is necessary to distinguish between a task and a problem.   It is the subjects level of domain knowledge, including his ability to find pertinent knowledge, if necessary, that makes the difference between the two. A task set by a researcher or experimenter may be a problem to certain subjects and no problem to others.  Ã‚   A problem may vanish or be resolved if the subject changes his goal.   A problem does not exist de facto, unless the subject observes discrepancies between his current situation and the goals he pursues. Reitman (1965) proposed that problems be viewed as three-component entities, having an initial state, a final (goal) state, and a set of processes that facilitate reaching the goal, starting from the initial state.   Minski (1961) proposed a distinction between two types of problems, those that according to the nature of the conditions of acceptability of solutions are either well defined or ill-defined.   A problem satisfying Reitmans conditions (Reitman, 1965) is a so-called well-defined problem: it can be solved by applying a systematic procedure that makes it possible to decide whether a proposed solution is correct or not.   It means that it is totally decidable: all pertinent solutions can be evaluated strictly using one binary variable: right or wrong.   The solution can thus be described as an all-or-nothing phenomenon.   There are no intermediate solutions between the functional and non-functional ones.   In general terms, any tests for which there exists a rigorous method of comparison between what is proposed and what is required is a well-defined problem. Examples of well-defined problems are board games, problems in mathematics, or problems in logic.   They may be very difficult to resolve, nevertheless.   Taking mans limited resources, psychologists face the task of explaining how human beings manage to solve problems in chess, mathematics or geometry within reasonable time.   Ill-defined problems are those that are not well-defined.   They result in a multitude of solutions that cannot be classified by using a binary truth-value, but by using a relative qualitative scale.   The response to a requirement thus allows grades, the determination of which is left to the referees.   The majority of problems occurring in everyday life are ill-defined problems: the improvement on an object or an apparatus, a new use of what already is known, the search for a sales idea or a marketing idea, etc. Ill-defined problems arise when some components of the problems statement, in the sense of Reitman, are unspecified, or are vague or fuzzy.   The definedness of problems varies in degree (Reitman, 1965, Ch. 5).   For instance, ‘take a little flower and bake bread for these people, which is vague in terms of the quantity of flower and the number of people, but specifies clearly the method: bake.   Another statement may run like this: ‘Let us overcome the current economic crisis.   This statement does not specify the method: what should be done to overcome the crisis?   ‘Do not just hang around, maximize something is an exhortation taken from a cartoon, in which both the initial state, the method and the goal are shrouded in a mental fog.   Ill-defined problems are more common than are well-defined problems, but it is all the more difficult to explain how to tackle them. It is worth noting that Minskis postulate does not necessarily cover the distinction between problem solving and creativity. For instance, the discovery of a new algorithm, or a new combination of known algorithms, is a creative act. But well-defined problems in the sense of Minsky may lead to an opposition between algorithmic procedures and inferential procedures. As for the ill-defined problems, Reitman (1964) proposed a typology of six classes of problems comprising the transformation or generation of states, objects, or collections of objects.   This taxonomy is not presented as a universal tool covering the whole field of creative situations, but simply as a general structure making it possible to collect the largest number possible of the creative situations.   This attempt at systemization has mainly a descriptive value, but it is not unlikely that it could also be used for deducing hypotheses related to the behavior of effectual solutions. Reitmans work is based on the introduction of the following three concepts: let A be an initial state or object (one which is expected to undergo transformation, modification, complementing, improvement, etc.) and let B be a final state or object (the solution to be obtained, elimination of problem).   Let the symbol à ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã…’ denote a process, program, or sequence of operations.   It is then possible to represent a large number of problematic situations parting from these three symbols by representing them by a general vector [A, B, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬â„¢].   Using these three concepts, six types of poorly defined problems can be distinguished. Type I.   The initial and terminal states A and B are well specified: the relevant data are known and the requirements to be satisfied are explained precisely.   The problem then consists in discovering the process à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ that makes it possible to pass from the well-specified state A to a well-specified state B.   For instance: how can a given function be incorporated in a specific device?   This type seems to cover a large class of problem situations. Type II.   The terminal state B is less precisely specified than in the previous type, while A is left entirely at the discretion of the experimenter.   In fact, nothing is said about the state, object or assembly of objects from which to part.  Ã‚   The initial material is largely undetermined and admits only one constraint to aid in constituting the one possible solution.   For instance: what should be done to make traveling by train more pleasurable? Here, obviously, the current state represents some level of train travel comfort or pleasure, and this should be increased.   But what exactly is to be achieved is an open question. Type III.   The initial state A consists in this case of an assembly of constituent parts each of which represents a concrete entity, while B represents a state or object to be achieved which is defined vaguely and is characterized by the fact that one or several of constituent parts of A have lost their separate identities after reaching B.   Reitman cites as an example Napoleons cook who was charged with the task to â€Å"make a good dish† B to celebrate the victory at Marengo using only available ingredients A.   This type is undoubtedly less general than the preceding ones.   Type IV.   A and B are presented as consisting of sub-components and are rather poorly defined.   This type differs from type II in that in the latter case there are no restrictions imposed on search, different analogous paths, and different associative paths the exploration of which can be relatively fruitful.   In type IV it is not like that.  Ã‚   The distinction between sub-components provides constraints within which the problem solution has to take place.   The research is, in other words, more strictly restrained than it is in the problems of type II. Type V.  Ã‚   The initial state A is given by reference to a well defined object, the final state B is given by a set of similarities and dissimilarities with respect to A.   An example given by Reitman to illustrate this type is the following: manufacturer ÃŽÂ ± of some equipment encounters a serious competition from ÃŽÂ ²-companys product.   The first company, ÃŽÂ ±, decides to change the design of the product in point to offer a price that is lower for a comparable quality than what its competitor ÃŽÂ ² asks.   The task thus does not necessarily require an entirely new manufacturing process, because the added cost of the new process would not help to slash the price according to original estimates.   Besides, the modification must be implemented fast because the competing product already is in the market while ÃŽÂ ±-companys sales decrease with each passing day.   The exigencies of this example illustrate the general type V product as a new device that m ust be functionally similar to the old version but must be cheaper. Type VI.   In this case, the final state B is well specified while the initial state A remains essentially empty, unstructured and largely undetermined.   Characteristic examples cited by Reitman comprise: to explain a new phenomenon, discover an alibi for a criminal deed, etc.   This type differs from type II in the degree of precision of the task.   It is thus possible to distinguish among six categories of poorly defined problems resorting to almost formal properties of their application.   A research activity the results of which would show that these categories incite heuristically different behavior on the part of individuals and groups still has to be accomplished.   A relevant taxonomy establishes first some ordering, i.e. introduces some logic in the pertinent knowledge field.   For this purpose the taxonomy distributes the phenomena or the entities considered according to their relevant characteristics, with no ambiguity involved.   It appears that, in general, each taxonomy displays at least two different utility values: First of all, the taxonomy presents a reference value that provides a framework for a certain subset of the universe.   The information already available about the elements of this subset thus cease to be fragmented and simply accumulated: in the continuation they are ordered with respect to one another.   They can be integrated and complemented.   Fragmented knowledge thus becomes systematic. This knowledge also represents an â€Å"operational† or heuristic value of the taxonomy in point. This value becomes apparent when the taxonomy leads to empirical research in order to validate its structure, its principle and its extent, or to uncover which variables of the taxonomy can be expected and unified.   In the case of problem solution and creativity research, one can try to establish some correspondence between certain types of tasks with certain behavioral phenomena, particularly those of psycholinguistic nature.   The first problem differentiation might take into consideration the different objective properties of problems: The problem is algorithmic: it can be resolved using an ordered sequence of specific operations.   It allows, in this sense, a truly coordinated division of labor, and is particularly suitable for groups with the centralized communication structure.   The problem is inferential: it can be visualized by means of trees, but the process of generalization of the trees cannot be decomposed into concatenated elementary operations.   A homogeneous structure is, however, more appropriate.   It can be seen that groups facing a specific situation adopt spontaneously the optimum organization to respond to this situation. Most authors, however, have resorted to local dichotomies based on a multitude of imprecise criteria.   The straightforward problem typologies are the following: Verbal and non-verbal tasks.   Verbal tasks are supposed to mobilize important cultural experience and imply the use of specific functions or hypothetic factors.   Non-verbal tasks are symbolic, or in other ways dependent on non-verbal perceptions. Intellectual and manipulation-dependent tasks.   In intellectual tasks, the principal operator is the brain.   Manipulation-dependent problems require a coordination of the brain and muscular factors.   Unique-solution and multiple-solutions tasks.   Then there are problems having a unique solution and problems having multiple solutions.   The totality of distinctions pertinent to a particular solution domain cannot be generalized, because their underlying criteria are too coarse and do not allow more than just a very summary control of the situation.   Shaws dimensional analysis In an attempt to present various aspects of group tasks in a systematic manner, Shaw (1963) collected a very eclectic set of 104 statements mostly taken from experimental literature.   The statements relate to both ill-defined and well-defined problems, to verbally and non-verbally formulated tasks, etc.   These various statements were evaluated according to six a priori defined dimensions, which can be visualized as continuously varying intervals in which each task occupies a point.   The six dimensions are characterized in the following manner: Requirements of cooperation.   This dimension permits to define the degree to which it is required that members of the group act in a coordinated manner to complete the task successfully.   It is thus a measure of dependence between the goal and the coordinated activity of the subjects.   Verifiability of the decision.   It is the degree to which the â€Å"rightness† or adequacy of the solution can be proved, either by reference to an authority, or by logical procedures (usually a mathematical proof), or by feedback (for instance by examining the consequences of the decision taken). Difficulty.   This is defined by Shaw abstractly as the quantity of effort necessary for executing the task.   Specifically, an indicator of difficulty can be the time required for solution, the number of errors made, etc. Clarity of purpose.   This denotes the degree of precision with which the requirements of the task are presented to members of the group, and how the members perceive the requirements. Multiplicity of approaches to the goal.   This dimension expresses the more or less great possibility to resolve the problem by various procedures.   It is thus a matter of possible paths to the solution, i.e. of the number of alternative solutions. Relationship between mental and motor requirements.   A task that only requires the implementation of intellectual activities will be among the strongest on this dimension.   Conversely, tasks requiring only motor abilities will be among the weakest.   A task requiring both intellectual and motor activities occupies an intermediate position between the two extremes. Intrinsic interest.   Problems are not equally attractive, i.e. they do not mobilize the same motivation.   This dimension is thus assigned the degree to which a particular task appears interesting to the subjects. Operational requirements.   This dimension was introduced to evaluate the number of different kinds of operations, knowledge or abilities required for the completion of the task. Familiarity within the population.   Individuals might have had a previous experience of the task in point, either direct or by means of an analogous task.   This dimension thus evaluates the relative â€Å"rareness† of a class of problems to a population. Multiplicity of solutions.   It is the number of different correct solutions for the problem in point.   That number can in general be evaluated exactly in a well-defined problem, but not if the estimate is very intuitive. This family of dimensions is intended to cover the maximum of traits occurring in every heuristic situation.   Certain dimensions thus relate to formal properties of the task, for instance numbers 2, 5, or 10, while others, e.g. numbers 7 and 9 refer direct to the consequences of applying a particular semantics (second level of determination).   Forty-nine referees, mostly graduate students of psychology, got the task of distributing the 104 sample tasks according to the 10 dimensions shown above.   Eight positions or degrees ordered by their magnitude were defined.   The judgments were consistent, except for the dimension â€Å"clarity of purpose†. With these data, Shaw got two factor analyses that resulted in disclosing five significant factors for task analysis: Difficulty, (factor I), the quantity of required effort displays a close relationship to the number of operations, knowledge, and required abilities for solving the problem.   The forth dimension, the â€Å"clarity of purpose† is equally an important aspect of difficulty: the less clear the goal is, the more difficult is the task judged to be.   Multiplicity of solutions (factor II) is a complex dimension that relates both to the number of acceptable solutions, to the diversity of paths leading to the solutions, and to the verifiability of a solution.   Shaw thinks that the essential aspect is the number of solutions, while the other two merely are its consequences.   While there are several solutions available, there also are several ways how to reach them. Proving the adequacy of each solution rigorously is hardly possible. Cooperation requirements (factor III) correspond exactly to the dimension of the same name.   The degree of completing a task successfully implies a coordinated action on the part of group members. The relationship between intellectual requirements motor requirements (factor IV) constitutes no doubt an independent dimension.   But it only shows a very weak correlation with the familiarity with the task within the population.   Familiarity in the population is considered a separate dimension for the same reason.   Nevertheless, it is necessary to point out that the familiarity seems relatively irrelevant, at least under the particular conditions of this work, where the majority of the tasks were somehow familiar to the subjects. Intrinsic interest (factor V), which corresponds to the intensity of motivation and the attraction exerted by the problem on the group members, too, is a dimension permeated with factor II. The first three of the six dimensions obtained finally seem to be both the most important and the least ambiguous ones.   It is of course possible, as Shaw himself notes, that there are other dimensions, equally important, which continued research could bring forth.   This first attempt will make it possible largely to control the principal components of the situation that comes into being as a problem to be solved is given to the subjects.   This is the only condition under which accumulation of experimental data in this field can be transformed into scientific knowledge. Categorization by Roby and Lanzetta Roby and Lanzetta (1958) proposed a model intended to define and highlight the most important characteristics of a group task.   For this purpose, they distinguish four sets of events occurring in the functioning of any group task system: a. A set Tiof task input data.   Here belong, for instance, the formulation of the problem to be solved and of the material it implies. b. A correlative set Giof initial activities of the group.   These comprise, among others, waiting times, observation, data recording, communication associated with input variables, etc. c. A set Goof outputs produced by the group.   In the creative process these comprise the traces of the heuristic process and solution suggestions. d. A set Toof environmental changes following from the groups activities. Roby and Lanzetta define three general types of properties: Descriptive aspects, including the qualitative nature of various events, their number, and metric properties. Distribution of the events in the space or by relation to other events. Functional aspects of events, i.e. their temporal occurrence as a function of foregoing events (sequential analysis). Each set of events, Ti, Gi, Go and To, can be studied and related to according to these three types of properties.   In theory at least, it is possible to characterize any group task, and in particular any creative situation, using a double-entry table for 12 cases. This is the formal equipment of the descriptive system of group tasks proposed by Roby and Lanzetta.   In an abstract analysis, however, this representation does not make the understanding of a truly psychological meaning of a specific task possible.   This remark led the authors to propose a complementary notion of â€Å"critical exigencies†.   This concept was introduced to cover the fact that each task requires certain behavior on the part of the group to be correctly executed, and calls for certain specific types of activities to be carried out.   The implementation of these requirements should thus help to reduce the discontinuity mentioned between the structural properties of the task and the psychological or psychosocial phenomena generated by its handling.   It is a different manner of contrasting the general and the particular.   In a way, this is what was above called the â€Å"second level of determination†. Roby and Lanzettas intention was not to put forward a theory permitting to characterize the problems rigorously, but rather to present a table for the analysis of systems of group tasks.   Their framework thus permits theoretically to classify any task parting from the values relevant to the task in the 12 boxes of the analysis table, but it does not make it possible to classify the types of tasks using a specific corpus of formal properties.   Thus, Roby and Lanzetta did not forge a typological tool, but, rather, a descriptive tool the general purpose of which is found precisely in the fact that the tool is deemed able to adapt itself to any task.   The goal of their work was not to distribute the generalized variable â€Å"task structure† on an arbitrary scale, but rather to find a set of invariant characteristics that would make it possible to situate the various problems that appear in the life of a working group.   Creative problems constitute in this context evid ently merely a special case.   It follows that the effort to determine the â€Å"invariants† of the analysis is probably of utmost importance and should complement any typological effort. Finally, an adequate taxonomy of poorly defined problems must comprise a meta-linguistic analysis of their formulation in the natural language: it must be possible to establish a rigorous correspondence between a formal type and the multitude of its verbal expressions or concretizations and, in parallel, part from a specific semantics to reach a logical class it illustrates.   Roqutte (1975) sketches the first attempt in this respect. Psychologists studying the ways people solve problem have adopted a reasonable strategy.   They study how people handle seemingly well-defined problems, and then apply theprocedure to the study of ill-defined tasks.   In some instances shortcuts to solving an ill-defined problem are possible: seek a well-defined version of the same problem and try to solve it, or find a new definition of the problem.   Defininition or interpretation of the problem is as important in tackling well-defined tasks as it is in working with ill-defined tasks.   Adversary and non-adversary problems This is another distinction between problems.   An adversary problem is one in which the problem solver is competing with a thinking opponent, or a seemingly thinking opponent, like a chess-playing computer.   In non-adversary problems the battle goes between a thinking problem solver and inert problem features.   The latter may be symbolic or real, but they do not react to what the problem solver does, in order to â€Å"defeat† him, and they do not care about what the human problem solver feels.   Semantically rich and semantically impoverished problems This distinction seems to be increasing in importance.   It was elaborated by Chi and his coworkers (1982).   A problem is semantically rich for the problem solver who brings a significant relevant knowledge to the problem.   The opposite is true of semantically impoverished problems.   As an example, consider a problem given to two problem solvers.   For the domain expert it is a semantically rich problem, for the novice it is a semantically impoverished problem.   This distinction thus expresses the problem-solvers view of the problem situation, or Shaws familiarity within the population. Most puzzles, IQ-tests, and the like, are semantically impoverished for most subjects.   Much of psychological research has been focused on solving semantically impoverished puzzles of the non-adversary type.   The semantically rich non-adversary tasks are increasing in importance.   This category comprises most tasks in computer programming and in physics.  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Ottoman Architecture Essay -- Art, Islamic Architecture

There are few things that actually do last. Legends, arts, beliefs, and architecture are among the few that actually do last. Architecture can be defined as a practice of constructing and designing a building project. However, the Islamic architecture has a distinctive range of both religious and secular styles that have been influenced by the Islamic culture. Furthermore, The structure of Islamic architecture that is used in mosques, tombs, palaces and fountains is unavoidable in sight. The relationship between early Islamic architecture and modern foundation of construction provides a penetrating overview of encompass of Islamic culture in Iran, Tunisia, India, and Turkey. However, Turkey was such a desirable region and preserved of the astonishing site of the structural design of the Ottoman Empire. Originally, the incredible mosques in Turkey have emerged from the wonders of Islamic art such as Suleimaniye Mosque. The sense of gorgeous decoration and quotations from the Quran on the mosque’s interior walls is typically Islamic. The marvelous design of the Ottoman architectural design persists its flourishing in the present day with a combination of luxury and modern art. One of the best examples in modern life is Zabeel Saray Hotel in Dubai, which has the perfect harmony between the old Ottoman architecture and modern luxurious hotel. As the Ottoman Empire emerged, it brought up its own distinctive touch on culture from literature, art, music and most importantly architecture. Ottoman architecture is considered a blend of Islamic Mamluk traditions, Byzantine architecture as well as Iranian architecture. Building techniques at that time were very advanced, architects were able to balance between inner and outer spaces in a... ...nd Polyurethane (a substance made from the foam of sea salt) ( Jumeirah organization, 2001). At the hotel entrance, a â€Å"Tughra† which is a symbol of an ottoman power was used as a part of an exterior design. Moreover, Jumeirah Zabeel Saray is a multifunctional hotel it consist of 10 restaurants, bars, 12 boutiques, conference rooms, Mehteran Theatre, and Talise Ottoman Spa that includes a relaxation area and a Turkish hammam ( Jumeirah organization, 2011). As Mahgoub (2009) mentioned,† that air conditioned and glass covered buildings are considered symbols of modernity and civilization†. Modern buildings have advanced safety measures that were not available during the Ottoman Empire. Such as fire staircase, fire extinguishers and emergency exits. As a result, modern and old traditional architecture are combined to satisfy the demand of both new and old generations.

Samsung

Samsung Electronics Co. , Ltd. and its subsidiaries Stevenson Saby & Lesly Castillo American Intercontinental University September 7, 2012 Nicole Pringle Abstract The for-profit organization of interest we selected is Samsung electronics co. , ltd. and its subsidiaries. We researched the unusual or conflicting accounting principle that has impacted Samsung electronics co, Included in this research we present, a review and analyze the organizations published accounting statements of the last two years.Specifically, our research paper will: Identify the core functions of each department, their strengths and weaknesses, and make recommendations for improvement, as appropriate. This paper Identifies and describe the underlying problems, Compares the alternative courses of action, Explain the effects at issues, Recommend options that would be consistent with the organization’s accounting practices, accounting processes, and accounting-related departments. Last includes the last two years of published accounting statementsFrom its inception as a small export business in Taegu, Korea, Samsung has grown to become one of the world’s leading electronics companies, specializing in digital appliances and media, semiconductors, memory, and system integration. Today Samsung's innovative and top quality products and processes are world recognized. This timeline captures the major milestones in Samsung's history, showing how the company expanded its product lines and reach, grew its revenue and market share, and has followed its mission of making life better for consumers around the world. SAMSUNG All rights reserved) To identify the core functions of each department, Samsung organization structure consist of Vice Chairman, US executive team and a Board of directors. http://visiblebusiness. blogspot. com/2009/11/samsung-samsung-ar-2008. html Samsung has recently been involved one of the largest patent laws of its kind, Apple Inc. has sued Samsung for $2. 525 bill ion for copyright infringement of the iPhone and iPad with Samsung’s Android technology smart phones.Apple claims, Samsung owes â€Å"substantial monetary damages† for when they illegally â€Å"chose to compete by copying Apple. † You might hear some comments like â€Å"Apple is better â€Å"or what’s so good about Samsung. First let’s identify, Samsung throughout the years has been very successful in providing consumers with innovative technology. Samsung has revenue of 247. 5billon, Assets of 384. 3 billion, Equity of 224. 7 billion and net income of 18. 3 billion with 344, 00 employees. Samsung Electronics Co. , Ltd. and its subsidiaries) Apple has pulled together 434 LTE patents in order to counter a legal threat from Samsung, according to reports on Tuesday. Samsung has vowed to sue Apple if, as expected, if it unveils an LTE-enabled iPhone 5 during the launch event now confirmed for September 12. Anticipating this, Apple has been acquiring and developing enough LTE patents to combat the legal challenge, according to the Chosun Ilbo website.Samsung is planning to make the air-condition product category more strong with unique technology called ‘Triple protection proposition’ Samsung is the India’s official ‘Olympic partner’ for the 2012 London Olympic and recently launched ‘Olympic Ratna Program’. This will result enhance brand awareness and increase the sales. Samsung Mobile and Home appliance has future plans of launching Customized products for Indian market. This will improve the market share in rural market being that Apple is filling injections on a lot of their products.The Indian youth population is growing and mobile phone sales is expected to increase due to lesser call rates, Its financial position is strong and there is a scope of entering into unrelated diversification. Two years published accounting statements 2011> http://www. samsung. com/us/aboutsamsung/ir/ financialinformation/annualreport/downloads/2011/SECAR2011_Eng_Final. pdf (http://www. samsung. com, 2011) http://www. samsung. com/us/aboutsamsung/ir/financialinformation/auditedfinancialstatements/downloads/consolidated/2012_con_all. df (Samsung, 2012) Samsung’s core functions of each department, their strengths and weaknesses were identified, recommendations for improvement were addresses. We hit on possible course of actions Samsung could take with the drop in market shares as well as the alternative courses of action. Samsung Has been in the Industry to long to make a mistake as big as they did in the lawsuit against apple but they are innovators and will continue to make great products and make profits as represented in the financial statements provided.

An Examination of the Pay Received by Military Members An...

Examination of the Pay Received By Military Members Argumentative Essay: Annotated Bibliography Report of the Tenth Quadrennial Review of Military Compensation (2008) Volume 1 Cash Compensation. February 2008. Retrieved from: http://www.whs.mil/library/doc/Tenth.pdf This document examines the need for higher pay rates in the areas of compensation for special duty, hazard and other such pay. 2012 Military Pay Overview (2012) Military.com Website. Retrieved from: http://www.military.com/benefits/content/military-pay/military-pay-overview.html This document examines current level of military service member pay. 2012 Military Pay Scale Chart Table Effective January 1st 2012. Retrieved from: http://www.militaryfactory.com/military_pay_scale.asp This document presents the 2012 Military Pay Scale Chart Table Effective January 1st 2012. Military Personnel: Military and Civilian Pay Comparisons Present Challenges and Are One of Many Tools in Assessing Compensation Objective (2010) United States Government Accountability Office, Washington, DC. 1 Apr 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.gao.gov/assets/100/96645.pdf Support Services: Morale, Welfare and Recreation (MWR) (1994) Department of the Army Historical Summary FY 1994. Retrieved from: http://www.history.army.mil/books/DAHSUM/1994/ch07.htm This work examines the Army MACOMs submitted ninety-seven issues of concern for review, which include rate of pay for military service members. Examination of the Pay ReceivedShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesown conclusion, then its your responsibility to give them reasons they can appreciate. Lets examine that last remark. A conclusion backed up by one or more reasons in any order is called an argument, even when the reasoner is not being argumentative or disagreeable. The word â€Å"argument† is a technical term we will be using frequently in this course. Being logical means, among other things, that you should give an argument to support your conclusion if you expect other people to accept itRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages252 Using Rewards to Motivate Employees 252 What to Pay: Establishing a Pay Structure 252 †¢ How to Pay: Rewarding Individual Employees Through Variable-Pay Programs 253 †¢ Flexible xii CONTENTS Benefits: Developing a Benefits Package 257 †¢ Intrinsic Rewards: Employee Recognition Programs 259 Summary and Implications for Managers 261 S A L Self-Assessment Library What’s My Job’s Motivating Potential? 240 Myth or Science? â€Å"CEO Pay Can’t Be Measured† 243 An Ethical Choice IdentifyingRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagestechnique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2007007922 ISBN: 978–1–59158–408–7 978–1–59158–406–3 (pbk.) First published in 2007 Libraries Unlimited, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 A Member of the Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.lu.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48-1984). 10 9 8 7Read MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesProject, could have been listed under several topics. Several of the cases and situations have seed questions provided to assist the reader in the analysis of the case. An instructor s manual is available from John Wiley Sons, Inc., to faculty members who adopt the book for classroom use. Almost all of the case studies are factual. In most circumstances, the cases and situations have been taken from the author s consulting practice. Some educators prefer not to use case studies dated back to theRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSmith Farley Insurance 643 Supplement C CONDUCTING MEETINGS 651 SKILL LEARNING 652 Conducting Effective Meetings: A Short Guide for Meeting Managers and Meeting Participants The Five P s of Effective Meetings 652 Suggestions for Group Members 657 652 SKILL PRACTICE 660 Exercises for Conducting Meetings 660 Preparing and Conducting a Team Meeting at SSS Software 660 Role Diagnosis 660 Meeting Evaluation Worksheet 661 APPENDIX I GLOSSARY 673 683 APPENDIX II REFERENCES NAMERead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagesthose familiar with the more recent history of Nigeria1. Web publication is therefore an intermediate step, while efforts are underway to produce an acceptable version for a press. Roger Blench Cambridge November 2006. 1 e.g. the example ‘The members of staff of the Kingsway stores enjoy life’ [!] i Igbo Dictionary: KayWilliamson. Draft of Edition II Editor’s note: The Echeruo (1997) and Igwe (1999) Igbo dictionaries Since the preparation of the manuscript, two other dictionaries of